Fundamentals of Communication Systems 2nd Edition John G. Proakis-Test Bank

Reply handbook for Fundamentals of Communication Systems 2nd Edition John G. Proakis

ISBN-13: 9780137848706

For one- or two-semester, senior-level undergraduate packages in Communication Systems for Electrical and Laptop Engineering majors.

This textual content material introduces the important methods utilized in fashionable communication methods and offers elementary devices and methodologies used inside the analysis and design of these methods. The authors emphasize digital communication methods, along with new generations of wi-fi communication methods, satellite tv for pc television for computer communications, and information transmission networks. A background in calculus, linear algebra, elementary digital circuits, linear system precept, and likelihood and random variables is assumed.

Desk of contents

PREFACE xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Historic Analysis 1

1.2 Parts of an Electrical Communication System 4

1.2.1 Digital Communication System, 7

1.2.2 Early Work in Digital Communications, 10

1.3 Communication Channels and Their Traits 12

1.4 Mathematical Fashions for Communication Channels 18

1.5 Summary and Further Finding out 20

2 SIGNALS AND LINEAR SYSTEMS 21

2.1 Major Concepts 21

2.1.1 Major Operations on Alerts, 21

2.1.2 Classification of Alerts, 23

2.1.3 Some Important Alerts and Their Properties, 31

2.1.4 Classification of Systems, 38

2.1.5 Analysis of LTI Systems inside the Time Space, 41

2.2 Fourier Assortment 43

2.2.1 Fourier Assortment and Its Properties, 44

2.2.2 Response of LTI Systems to Periodic Alerts, 54

2.2.3 Parseval’s Relation, 56

2.3 Fourier Rework 58

2.3.1 From Fourier Assortment to Fourier Transforms, 58

2.3.2 Major Properties of the Fourier Rework, 64

2.3.3 Fourier Rework for Periodic Alerts, 78

2.3.4 Transmission over LTI Systems, 81

2.4 Filter Design 85

2.5 Power and Vitality 89

2.5.1 Vitality-Sort Alerts, 89

2.5.2 Power-Sort Alerts, 92

2.6 Hilbert Rework and Its Properties 95

2.7 Lowpass and Bandpass Alerts 98

2.8 Summary and Further Finding out 100

Points 101

3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 117

3.1 Introduction to Modulation 118

3.2 Amplitude Modulation 119

3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Supplier AM, 119

3.2.2 Typical Amplitude Modulation, 126

3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM, 132

3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM, 134

3.3 Implementation of Amplitude Modulators and Demodulators 137

3.4 Signal Multiplexing 144

3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing, 144

3.4.2 Quadrature-Supplier Multiplexing, 145

3.5 AM Radio Broadcasting 146

3.6 Summary and Further Finding out 149

Appendix 3A: Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Alerts 149

Points 151

4 ANGLE MODULATION 161

4.1 Illustration of FM and PM Alerts 161

4.2 Spectral Traits of Angle-Modulated Alerts 166

4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal, 166

4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal, 170

4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators 171

4.4 FM Radio Broadcasting 179

4.5 Summary and Further Finding out 181

Points 182

5 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 190

5.1 Analysis of Probability and Random Variables 190

5.1.1 Sample Space, Events, and Probability, 190

5.1.2 Conditional Probability, 191

5.1.3 Random Variables, 194

5.1.4 Capabilities of a Random Variable, 201

5.1.5 A quantity of Random Variables, 203

5.1.6 Sums of Random Variables, 208

5.2 Random Processes: Major Concepts 209

5.2.1 Statistical Averages, 212

5.2.2 Huge-Sense Stationary Processes, 215

5.2.3 A quantity of Random Processes, 217

5.2.4 Random Processes and Linear Systems, 218

5.2.5 Power Spectral Density of Stationary Processes, 220

5.2.6 Power Spectral Density of a Sum Course of, 225

5.3 Gaussian and White Processes 226

5.3.1 Gaussian Processes, 226

5.3.2 White Processes, 228

5.3.3 Filtered Noise Processes, 230

5.4 Summary and Further Finding out 235

Points 236

6 EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 255

6.1 Affect of Noise on Amplitude Modulation Systems 255

6.1.1 Affect of Noise on a Baseband System, 256

6.1.2 Affect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, 256

6.1.3 Affect of Noise on SSB AM, 258

6.1.4 Affect of Noise on Typical AM, 259

6.2 Affect of Noise on Angle Modulation 263

6.2.1 Threshold Affect in Angle Modulation, 271

6.2.2 Preemphasis and Deemphasis Filtering for FM, 274

6.3 Comparability of Analog-Modulation Systems 277

6.4 Outcomes of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog Communication

Systems 278

6.4.1 Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources, 279

6.4.2 Environment friendly Noise Temperature and Noise Decide, 280

6.4.3 Transmission Losses, 283

6.4.4 Repeaters for Signal Transmission, 284

6.5 Summary and Further Finding out 287

Points 288

7 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION 296

7.1 Sampling of Alerts and Signal Reconstruction from Samples 297

7.1.1 The Sampling Theorem, 297

7.2 Quantization 301

7.2.1 Scalar Quantization, 302

7.2.2 Vector Quantization, 309

7.3 Encoding 311

7.4 Waveform Coding 312

7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation, 313

7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation, 317

7.4.3 Delta Modulation, 318

7.5 Analysis—Synthesis Methods 321

7.6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording 325

7.6.1 Digital Audio in Cellphone Transmission Systems, 325

7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording, 327

7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Commonplace 332

7.8 Summary and Further Finding out 335

Points 336

8 DIGITAL MODULATION METHODS IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNEL 347

8.1 Geometric Illustration of Signal Waveforms 348

8.2 Binary Modulation Schemes 352

8.2.1 Binary Antipodal Signaling, 352

8.2.2 Binary Orthogonal Signaling, 356

8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Alerts in Additive White Gaussian Noise 361

8.3.1 Correlation-Sort Demodulator, 362

8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Sort Demodulator, 371

8.3.3 The Effectivity of the Optimum Detector for Binary Alerts, 379

8.4 M-ary Digital Modulation 384

8.4.1 The Optimum Receiver for M-ary Alerts in AWGN, 384

8.4.2 A Union Sure on the Probability of Error, 396

8.5 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation 398

8.5.1 Supplier-Modulated PAM for Bandpass Channels (M-ary ASK), 400

8.5.2 Demodulation and Detection of Amplitude-Modulated PAM Alerts, 403

8.5.3 Probability of Error for M-ary PAM, 403

8.6 Half-Shift Keying 406

8.6.1 Geometric Illustration of PSK Alerts, 408

8.6.2 Demodulation and Detection of PSK Alerts, 410

8.6.3 Probability of Error for Half-Coherent PSK Modulation, 411

8.6.4 Differential Half Encoding and Differential Half Modulation

and Demodulation, 416

8.6.5 Probability of Error for DPSK, 418

8.7 Quadrature Amplitude-Modulated Digital Alerts 419

8.7.1 Geometric Illustration of QAM Alerts, 421

8.7.2 Demodulation and Detection of QAM Alerts, 423

8.7.3 Probability of Error for QAM, 424

8.8 Supplier-Half Estimation 429

8.8.1 The Half-Locked Loop, 429

8.8.2 The Costas Loop, 437

8.8.3 Supplier-Half Estimation for PAM, 439

8.8.4 Supplier-Half Estimation for PSK, 440

8.8.5 Supplier-Half Estimation for QAM, 444

8.9 Picture Synchronization 446

8.9.1 Early—Late Gate Synchronizers, 447

8.9.2 Minimal Indicate Sq. Error Method, 450

8.9.3 Most-Chance Method, 451

8.9.4 Spectral-Line Method, 452

8.9.5 Picture Synchronization for Supplier-Modulated Alerts, 455

8.10 Regenerative Repeaters 456

8.11 Summary and Further Finding out 457

Points 459

9 MULTIDIMENSIONAL DIGITAL MODULATION 485

9.1 M-ary Orthogonal Alerts 485

9.1.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Alerts, 488

9.1.2 A Union Sure on the Error Probability of M-ary Orthogonal Alerts, 491

9.2 Biorthogonal Alerts 492

9.2.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Alerts, 495

9.3 Simplex Alerts 497

9.3.1 Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Alerts, 498

9.4 Binary-Coded Alerts 499

9.4.1 Probability of Error for Binary-Coded Alerts, 501

9.5 Frequency-Shift Keying 501

9.5.1 Demodulation of M-ary FSK, 503

9.5.2 Optimum Detector for Noncoherent Binary FSK, 507

9.5.3 Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of M-ary FSK, 510

9.6 Modulation Systems with Memory 513

9.6.1 Regular-Half FSK, 513

9.6.2 Spectral Traits of CPFSK Alerts, 524

9.7 Comparability of Modulation Methods 525

9.8 Summary and Further Finding out 532

Points 533

10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH BANDLIMITED AWGN CHANNELS 543

10.1 Characterization of Bandlimited Channels and Signal Distortion 543

10.1.1 Intersymbol Interference in Signal Transmission, 547

10.1.2 Digital Transmission by approach of Bandlimited Bandpass Channels, 549

10.2 The Power Spectrum of Digitally Modulated Alerts 552

10.3 Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels 556

10.3.1 Design of Bandlimited Alerts for Zero ISI–The Nyquist

Criterion, 558

10.3.2 Design of Bandlimited Alerts with Managed ISI–Partial Response Alerts, 564

10.4 Detection of Partial-Response Alerts 566

10.4.1 Picture-by-Picture Detection, 567

10.4.2 Probability of Error for Picture-by-Picture Detection, 570

10.4.3 Most-Chance Sequence Detection of Partial-Response

Alerts, 573

10.4.4 Error Probability of the Most-Chance Sequence

Detector, 576

10.5 System Design inside the Presence of Channel Distortion 577

10.5.1 Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Recognized

Channel, 578

10.5.2 Channel Equalization, 582

10.6 Summary and Further Finding out 599

Appendix 10A: Power Spectrum of Modulated Alerts 601

10A.1 The Power Spectrum of the Baseband Signal, 601

10A.2 The Power Spectrum of the Supplier Modulated Alerts, 603

Points 604

11 MULTICARRIER MODULATION AND OFDM 621

11.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 621

11.2 Modulation and Demodulation in an OFDM System 622

11.3 An OFDM System Utilized by way of the FFT Algorithm 626

11.4 Spectral Traits of OFDM Alerts 629

11.5 Peak-to-Widespread Power Ratio in OFDM Systems 631

11.6 Functions of OFDM 633

11.6.1 Digital Subscriber Traces, 633

11.6.2 Wi-fi LANs, 635

11.6.3 Digital Audio Broadcasting, 636

11.7 Summary and Further Finding out 636

Points 637

12 AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY 641

12.1 Modeling Data Sources 642

12.1.1 Measure of Data, 644

12.1.2 Joint and Conditional Entropy, 647

12.1.3 Mutual Data, 650

12.1.4 Differential Entropy, 650

12.2 The Provide Coding Theorem 652

12.3 Provide Coding Algorithms 655

12.3.1 The Huffman Provide Coding Algorithm, 655

12.3.2 The Lempel—Ziv Provide Coding Algorithm, 659

12.4 Modeling of Communication Channels 661

12.5 Channel Functionality 664

12.5.1 Gaussian Channel Functionality, 669

12.6 Bounds on Communication 671

12.7 Summary and Further Finding out 674

Points 675

13 CODING FOR RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS 689

13.1 The Promise of Coding 689

13.2 Linear Block Codes 694

13.2.1 Decoding and Effectivity of Linear Block Codes, 700

13.2.2 Some Important Linear Block Codes, 707

13.2.3 Error Detection versus Error Correction, 708

13.2.4 Burst-Error-Correcting Codes, 709

13.3 Convolutional Codes 711

13.3.1 Major Properties of Convolutional Codes, 712

13.3.2 Most Chance Decoding of Convolutional Codes–The Viterbi

Algorithm, 717

13.3.3 Completely different Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes, 722

13.3.4 Bounds on the Error Probability of Convolutional Codes, 722

13.4 Good Codes Based on Combination of Straightforward Codes 725

13.4.1 Product Codes, 727

13.4.2 Concatenated Codes, 728

13.5 Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding 728

13.5.1 MAP Decoding of Convolutional Codes–The BCJR Algorithm, 731

13.5.2 Iterative Decoding for Turbo Codes, 737

13.5.3 Effectivity of Turbo Codes, 739

13.6 Low-Density Parity-Look at Codes 741

13.6.1 Decoding LDPC Codes, 745

13.7 Coding for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels 747

13.7.1 Blended Coding and Modulation, 748

13.7.2 Trellis-Coded Modulation, 749

13.8 Wise Functions of Coding 756

13.8.1 Coding for Deep-Space Communications, 756

13.8.2 Coding for Cellphone-Line Modems, 758

13.9 Summay and Further Finding out 759

Points 760

14 DATA TRANSMISSION IN FADING MULTIPATH CHANNELS 769

14.1 Characterization of Bodily Wi-fi Channels 769

14.2 Channel Fashions for Time-Variant Multipath Channels 771

14.2.1 Frequency Nonselective Fading Channel, 774

14.2.2 Frequency Selective Fading Channel, 777

14.2.3 Fashions for the Doppler Power Spectrum, 778

14.2.4 Propagation Fashions for Cell Radio Channels, 781

14.3 Effectivity of BinaryModulation in Rayleigh Fading Channels 783

14.3.1 Probability of Error in Frequency Nonselective Channels, 783

14.3.2 Effectivity Enchancment by approach of Signal Vary, 786

14.3.3 The RAKE Demodulator and Its Effectivity in Frequency Selective

Channels, 792

14.3.4 OFDM Alerts in Frequency Selective Channels, 794

14.4 A quantity of Antenna Systems 795

14.4.1 Channel Fashions for A quantity of Antenna Systems, 796

14.4.2 Signal Transmission in a Gradual Fading Frequency NonselectiveMIMO

Channel, 797

14.4.3 Detection of Information Symbols in a MIMO System, 799

14.4.4 Error Cost Effectivity of the Detectors, 800

14.4.5 Space—Time Codes for MIMO Systems, 802

14.5 Hyperlink Funds Analysis for Radio Channels 810

14.6 Summary and Further Finding out 813

Points 815

15 SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 825

15.1 Model of a Unfold-Spectrum Digital Communication System 826

15.2 Direct Sequence Unfold-Spectrum Systems 827

15.2.1 Affect of Despreading on a Narrowband Interference, 830

15.2.2 Probability of Error on the Detector, 831

15.2.3 Effectivity of Coded Unfold-Spectrum Alerts, 836

15.3 Some Functions of DS Unfold-Spectrum Alerts 836

15.3.1 Low-Detectability Signal Transmission, 836

15.3.2 Code Division A quantity of Entry, 837

15.3.3 Communication over Channels with Multipath, 838

15.3.4 Wi-fi LANs, 839

15.4 Know-how of PN Sequences 840

15.5 Frequency-Hopped Unfold Spectrum 843

15.5.1 Gradual Frequency-Hopping Systems and Partial-Band Interference, 844

15.5.2 Fast Frequency Hopping, 847

15.5.3 Functions of FH Unfold Spectrum, 848

15.6 Synchronization of Unfold-Spectrum Systems 849

15.6.1 Acquisition Half, 849

15.6.2 Monitoring, 852

15.7 Digital Cellular Communication Systems 856

15.7.1 The GSM System, 858

15.7.2 CDMA System Based on IS-95, 862

15.7.3 Third Know-how Cellular Communication Systems and Previous, 866

15.8 Summary and Further Finding out 868

Points 869

REFERENCES 877

INDEX 886